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revision 1.7 by joko, Tue Feb 11 10:34:19 2003 UTC revision 1.13 by joko, Tue Jul 1 23:26:37 2003 UTC
# Line 2  Line 2 
2  ##  $Id$  ##  $Id$
3  ## --------------------------------------------------------------------------------  ## --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4  ##  $Log$  ##  $Log$
5    ##  Revision 1.13  2003/07/01 23:26:37  joko
6    ##  croak to STDERR if module loading fails!
7    ##
8    ##  Revision 1.12  2003/05/13 08:39:22  joko
9    ##  autocalling constructor after instantiation
10    ##  added pod documentation
11    ##
12    ##  Revision 1.11  2003/02/21 08:38:21  joko
13    ##  + additional checks
14    ##  + raising exceptions
15    ##
16    ##  Revision 1.10  2003/02/20 20:50:32  joko
17    ##  + small exception handling: now inheriting from little Exception object
18    ##
19    ##  Revision 1.9  2003/02/18 18:35:30  joko
20    ##  + encapsulated/abstracted some more functionality: sub load_single
21    ##
22    ##  Revision 1.8  2003/02/14 14:20:05  joko
23    ##  + modified mixin behaviour
24    ##
25  ##  Revision 1.7  2003/02/11 10:34:19  joko  ##  Revision 1.7  2003/02/11 10:34:19  joko
26  ##  + loaded module may now lack 'mixin::with' declaration  ##  + loaded module may now lack 'mixin::with' declaration
27  ##  + this gets us the possibility to load modules from any perl namespace  ##  + this gets us the possibility to load modules from any perl namespace
# Line 34  package DesignPattern::Bridge; Line 54  package DesignPattern::Bridge;
54  use strict;  use strict;
55  use warnings;  use warnings;
56    
57  use base qw( DesignPattern::Object );  use base qw(
58      DesignPattern::Object
59      DesignPattern::Exception
60    );
61    
62    
63  use Data::Dumper;  use Data::Dumper;
64    
65  ## ========   object inheritance   ========  =pod
66    
67    =head1 NAME
68    
69      DesignPattern::Bridge
70    
71    
72    =head1 DESCRIPTION
73    
74      This acts as a generic backplane for plugins using "Mix-in inheritance".
75    
76    
77    =head2 BACKGROUND
78      
79      Mix-in inheritance
80      Please visit [http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/bracha90mixinbased.html].
81      
82      [...]
83      Abstract: The diverse inheritance mechanisms provided by Smalltalk, Beta,
84      and CLOS are interpreted as different uses of a single underlying construct.
85      Smalltalk and Beta differ primarily in the direction of class hierarchy growth.
86      These inheritance mechanisms are subsumed in a new inheritance model
87      based on composition of mixins, or abstract subclasses. This form of
88      inheritance can also encode a CLOS multiple-inheritance hierarchy, although
89      changes to the encoded hierarchy that would violate... (Update)
90      [...]
91      
92      ...level, and can naturally span component boundaries. Jiazzi supports
93      the composition of class extending components; e.g. mixins [1]. Mixins
94      and cyclic component linking can be combined into an open class pattern,
95      which allows independent features that cross cut class...
96    
97    =head3 History of "mixins"
98    
99    =head4 G. Bracha, W. Cook. Mixin-based inheritance.
100    
101      G. Bracha and W. Cook, "Mixin-Based Inheritance", ECOOP/OOPSLA 1990, 303-311.
102      G. Bracha, W. Cook. Mixin-based inheritance. In OOPSLA/ECOOP '90 Conference Proceedings. ACM SIGPLAN Notices 25, 10 (Oct. 1990).
103    
104      @inproceedings{ bracha90mixinbased,
105          author = "Gilad Bracha and William Cook",
106          title = "Mixin-Based Inheritance",
107          booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Object-Oriented Programming: Systems, Languages, and Applications / Proceedings of the European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming",
108          publisher = "ACM Press",
109          address = "Ottawa, Canada",
110          editor = "Norman Meyrowitz",
111          pages = "303--311",
112          year = "1990",
113          url = "citeseer.nj.nec.com/bracha90mixinbased.html" }
114    
115    =head4 D. Duggan and C. Sourelis. Mixin modules.
116    
117      http://users.hol.gr/~csourelis/thesis.html
118    
119      @misc{ duggan96mixin,
120        author = "D. Duggan and C. Sourelis",
121        title = "Mixin modules",
122        text = "D. Duggan and C. Sourelis. Mixin modules. In Intl. Conf. on Functional
123          Programming, Philadelphia, May 1996. ACM Press.",
124        year = "1996",
125        url = "citeseer.nj.nec.com/sourelis95mixin.html" }
126    
127    =head4 Google on your own:
128    
129      http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&q=mix-in+inheritance
130      http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&q=Moo86+mixins
131      
132    
133    =head3 Discussion
134    
135      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/context/6117/0
136    
137    =head2 References
138    
139      The Jigsaw Framework:
140        http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/bracha92programming.html
141        
142      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/114070.html
143      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/445396.html
144      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/tichelaar97coordination.html
145      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/meijler98beyond.html
146    
147      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/89291.html
148      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/sousa91runtime.html
149      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/banavar95application.html
150      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/sourelis95mixin.html
151      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/hirschowitz02mixin.html
152      
153      Java: http://csis.pace.edu/~bergin/patterns/multipleinheritance.html
154      C++: http://www.oofile.com.au/oofdoc/samples/ooftst19.htm
155      
156    =head3 Related
157    
158      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/nrelated/6117/23339
159    
160    
161    =head3 Traits - Composable Units of Behavior
162    
163      via: http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/context/22076/0
164    
165      Traits: Composable Units of Behavior - Nathanael Schrli Stphane   (Correct)
166      ....is not expressive enough to factor out common features (i.e. instance
167      variables and methods) shared by classes in a complex hierarchy. As a
168      consequence, language designers have proposed various forms of multiple
169      inheritance [Mey88] Kee89] Str86] as well as other mechanisms, such as
170      mixins [Moo86] BC90] FKF98] that allow classes to be composed incrementally
171      from sets of features. Despite the passage of nearly twenty years, neither
172      multiple inheritance nor mixins have achieved wide acceptance [Tai96]
173      Summarizing Alan Snyder s contribution to the inheritance panel discussion
174      at OOPSLA ....
175    
176      ....complete. But as a unit of reuse, a class should be small. These properties
177      often conflict. Furthermore, the role of classes as instance generators requires
178      that each class have a unique place in the class hierarchy, whereas units of
179      reuse should be applicable at arbitrary places. Moon s Flavors [Moo86] were
180      an early attempt to address this problem: Flavors are small, not necessarily
181      complete, and they can be mixed in at arbitrary places in the class hierarchy.
182      More sophisticated notions of mixins were subsequently developed by Bracha
183      and Cook [BC90] and Flatt, Krishnamurthi and Felleisen ....
184    
185      David A. Moon. Object-oriented programming with flavors. In Proceedings
186      OOPSLA '86, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, pages 1--8, November 1986.
187      Published as Proceedings OOPSLA '86, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, volume 21, number 11.
188    
189    
190      from: http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/566972.html
191      
192      Abstract: Inheritance is the fundamental reuse mechanism in object-oriented
193      programming languages; its most prominent variants are single inheritance,
194      multiple inheritance, and mixin inheritance. In the first part of this paper,
195      we identify and illustrate the conceptual and practical reusability problems
196      that arise with these forms of inheritance. We then present a simple
197      compositional model for structuring object-oriented programs, which we call traits.
198      Traits are essentially groups of methods... (Update)
199    
200    
201    =head3 Hybrid - A Language for Programming with Active Objects
202    
203      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/561934.html
204      http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/nierstrasz92tour.html
205      http://www.iam.unibe.ch/~scg/Archive/NFS/cao.html
206    
207    =head3 Active Objects and Oberon
208    
209    
210    =head2 DETAILS
211    
212      This attempts to be a runtime wrapper around mixin.pm, written by Michael G Schwern
213      and available on CPAN.
214      Please visit:
215      http://magnonel.guild.net/~schwern/talks/Design_Patterns/full_slides/slide036.html
216      
217      
218    =head2 NOTES
219    
220      ## ========   object inheritance   ========
221    
222      2002-12:
223        TODO / REFACTORING PROPOSAL
224        leading from Data::Storage to code abstracted out into this module - DesignPattern::Bridge
225          - this is no inheritance and it doesn't have to be
226          - implement this module as a bridge to its sub-modules
227          - use the BridgePattern (http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BridgePattern)
228              Using patterns was already successfully done with Data::Storage::Handler
229              by implementing the AdapterPattern (http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AdapterPattern)
230              with Perl's AUTOLOAD-mechanism
231          - try to use Perl's "tie" command to implement this functionality here instead of using AUTOLOAD!
232          - sub getChildNodes
233          - sub run
234        
235      2003-02-11, joko: Does this have anything in parallel with CPAN's Class::Inner? No!
236    
237    
238    =head1 TODO
239    
240  # TODO / REFACTORING PROPOSAL    o use Class::Loader
241  # leading from Data::Storage to code abstracted out into this module - DesignPattern::Bridge    o rename to mixin::runtime?
242  #   - this is no inheritance and it doesn't have to be    
 #   - implement this module as a bridge to its sub-modules  
 #   - use the BridgePattern (http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BridgePattern)  
 #       Using patterns was already successfully done with Data::Storage::Handler  
 #       by implementing the AdapterPattern (http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AdapterPattern)  
 #       with Perl's AUTOLOAD-mechanism  
 #   - try to use Perl's "tie" command to implement this functionality here instead of using AUTOLOAD!  
 #   - sub getChildNodes  
 #   - sub run  
243    
244  # 2003-02-11, joko: does this have anything in parallel with CPAN's Class::Inner?  =cut
245    
246    
247  # get logger instance  # get logger instance
# Line 60  my $logger = eval { Log::Dispatch::Confi Line 249  my $logger = eval { Log::Dispatch::Confi
249        
250  my $meta;  my $meta;
251    
252    
253    sub DEBUG { 1 }
254    
255    
256  ## ========   object constructor   ========  ## ========   object constructor   ========
257  sub new {  sub new {
258    my $invocant = shift;    my $invocant = shift;
# Line 74  sub new { Line 267  sub new {
267    
268    # create instance    # create instance
269    bless $self, $class;    bless $self, $class;
270    
271      # NEW: 2003-04-16
272      $self->constructor() if $self->can('constructor');
273        
274    return $self;    return $self;
275  }  }
# Line 126  sub new { Line 322  sub new {
322    sub load {    sub load {
323    
324      my $self = shift;      my $self = shift;
325        my $modulename = shift;
326        my $options = shift;
327    
328        if (ref $modulename eq 'ARRAY') {
329          foreach (@$modulename) {
330            $self->load_single($_, $options);
331          }
332        } else {
333          $self->load_single($modulename, $options);
334        }
335    
336      }
337    
338      sub load_single {
339    
340        my $self = shift;
341      my $modulename_load = shift;      my $modulename_load = shift;
342    
343      my $options = shift;      my $options = shift;
# Line 143  sub new { Line 355  sub new {
355    
356      # this is the module testing phase - use mixin doesn't seem to propagate errors by default      # this is the module testing phase - use mixin doesn't seem to propagate errors by default
357      eval("use $package;");      eval("use $package;");
358        $self->checkExceptions();
359        
360    =pod    
361      if ($@) {      if ($@) {
362        $meta->{loaded}->{$package} = 0;        $meta->{loaded}->{$package} = 0;
363        # include caller information        # include caller information
# Line 155  sub new { Line 370  sub new {
370          print $msg, "\n";          print $msg, "\n";
371        }        }
372      }      }
373    =cut
374    
375  #print "ref-1: ", ref $self, "\n";  #print "ref-1: ", ref $self, "\n";
376  #print "ref-2: ", ref $self::SUPER, "\n";  #print "ref-2: ", ref $self::SUPER, "\n";
# Line 163  sub new { Line 379  sub new {
379      #bless $self, $package;      #bless $self, $package;
380    
381      # V2:      # V2:
382        $self->mixinPackage($package);
383        
384        if (my $method = $options->{method}) {
385          $self->$method();
386        }
387    
388        return 1;
389        
390      }
391      
392      sub mixinPackage {
393        my $self = shift;
394        my $package = shift;
395        
396      # switch into foreign package and prepare for mixin      # switch into foreign package and prepare for mixin
397      $self->mixin_prepare($package);      $self->mixin_prepare($package);
398    
399      # switch into local package (scope which uses DesignPattern::Bridge) and mixin plugin-module      # switch into local package (scope which uses DesignPattern::Bridge) and mixin plugin-module
400      $self->mixin_do($package);      $self->mixin_do($package);
401    
     if (my $method = $options->{method}) {  
       $self->$method();  
     }  
   
     return 1;  
       
402    }    }
403    
404    # TODO: maybe refactor to DesignPattern::Object? what about the '$logger'?    # TODO: maybe refactor to DesignPattern::Object? what about the '$logger'?
# Line 188  sub new { Line 411  sub new {
411      # FIXME: --- this is redundant ---      # FIXME: --- this is redundant ---
412      if ($@) {      if ($@) {
413        $meta->{loaded}->{$package} = 0;        $meta->{loaded}->{$package} = 0;
414        $logger->error( __PACKAGE__ . "->load: $@" ) if $logger;        my $msg = __PACKAGE__ . "->load: $@";
415          print STDERR $msg, "\n" if DEBUG;
416          $logger->error( $msg ) if $logger;
417      } else {      } else {
418        $meta->{loaded}->{$package} = 1;        $meta->{loaded}->{$package} = 1;
419      }      }
# Line 240  sub new { Line 465  sub new {
465      my $self = shift;      my $self = shift;
466      my $includefile = shift;      my $includefile = shift;
467      my $package = shift;      my $package = shift;
468      # TODO: do better error-detection here / prevent dies under all circumstances!      
469      require $includefile;      # pre-flight checks
470        if (!$includefile) {
471          $self->raiseException('Filename for inclusion was empty.');
472          return;
473        }
474        
475        # go for it ...
476        eval("require '$includefile';");
477        # ... and handle errors afterwards catching every message from perl itself ...
478        return if $self->checkExceptions();
479        
480        # ... otherwise continue assuming everything is fine
481      $self->mixinPackage($package) if $package;      $self->mixinPackage($package) if $package;
482        
483    }    }
484    
485  1;  1;
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